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[pdf] These modulators, based on lithium niobate, offer a unique combination of performance, robustness, and reliability, even under extreme conditions, making them prime candidates to meet rigorous requirements of laser, sensing, communications, quantum or space applications. Abstract: Since the emergence of optical fiber communications, lithium niobate (LN) has been the material of choice for electro-optic modulators, featuring high data bandwidth and excellent signal fidelity. Conventional LN modulators however are bulky, expensive and power hungry, and cannot meet. Addressing this critical need, Exail stands at the forefront of innovation, specialising in the manufacturing of optical LiNbO₃ modulators. Compared with bulk lithium niobate modulators, these modulators not only retain the advantages of lithium niobate materials.
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